{"id":18961,"date":"2025-10-16T16:24:05","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T14:24:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/?post_type=articles&#038;p=18961"},"modified":"2026-07-29T16:44:53","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T14:44:53","slug":"quantum-computing-101","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/articles\/quantum-computing-101\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Quantum Computing?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<p>There is a popular action movie where a superhero can foresee every possible future. The catch? He has to run through each scenario one by one to see how to stop the villain.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantum technology would be the ultimate sidekick: it could analyse all scenarios simultaneously to help find the best path forward.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This captures the revolutionary promise of quantum computers. While they won\u2019t predict the future, they can tackle complex problems exponentially faster than is possible today. This extraordinary ability will make them a powerful ally in the real world. They could fast-track drug discovery, create unbreakable communication networks, and transform sectors such as energy, finance, AI, transportation, and more.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2025 marks the United Nations&#8217; Year of Quantum, celebrating 100 years of quantum science. In one century, discoveries in physics have led to new technologies that have already fundamentally changed everyday life, and will continue to for centuries to come. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, many challenges remain.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the ±¬ÁϳԹÏÍø&#8217;s Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), researchers lead innovative projects to advance this cutting-edge field.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"what-is-quantum-computing\"\n    >\nWhat is quantum computing?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantum computing relies on the properties of quantum physics to solve problems that would take today&#8217;s most powerful supercomputers millennia to crack.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantum computers could:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Identify patterns across huge datasets&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Solve complex optimisation problems with many variables&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Break current encryption methods&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Can provide unprecedented solutions to securing and handling data&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Accelerate advancements in countless sectors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"timeline-how-quantum-computing-developed\"\n    >\nTimeline: How quantum computing developed <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--scale-down\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/10\/18085154\/Quantum_Timeline.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/10\/18085154\/Quantum_Timeline-160x300.png 160w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/10\/18085154\/Quantum_Timeline-546x1024.png 546w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/10\/18085154\/Quantum_Timeline-768x1440.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/10\/18085154\/Quantum_Timeline.png 800w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 4.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: scale-down; object-position: 50.00% 4.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 3\/4; object-fit: scale-down; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>            <p class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image-caption\">\n            Timeline of Quantum Computing        <\/p>\n    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Quantum computing did not begin with processors, but with physics. In 1900, Max Planck introduced his quantum theory, which Albert Einstein later expanded by proving that light consists of particles called photons.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But quantum mechanics only crystallised as a complete theory through the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger in 1925 and 1926. A decade later, the concept of quantum entanglement emerged through the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) Paradox\u2014laying the groundwork for quantum computing.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of quantum computers appeared almost half a century later, introduced by Yuri Manin in 1980 and Richard Feynman in 1982. However, most consider David Deutsch the founding father of quantum computing. In 1985, he introduced the quantum Turing machine (QTM) as the very first model of a universal quantum computer.\u202fHis work demonstrated that a quantum computer could, in principle, outperform any known classical machine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Peter Shor gave the field major momentum in 1994, with an algorithm capable of computing factors of large numbers much faster than classical methods\u2014an algorithm that could break encryption systems.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 2000s saw efforts shift from concept to hardware.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Companies like D-Wave kicked off early development, while key players such as IBM and Google ramped up research in the 2010s.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A breakthrough came in 2019 when Google\u2019s Sycamore processor solved a problem in 200 seconds\u2014a task that would take classical supercomputers thousands of years. This milestone, known as quantum supremacy, proved the potential was real.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, quantum computing remains in the NISQ era (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum), where machines are still prone to errors and difficult to scale.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Universities, start-ups and tech giants are pushing the boundaries to overcome these challenges.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"how-quantum-computing-works\"\n    >\nHow quantum computing works <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Classical and quantum computers have a few things in common. They both rely on circuits, computer chips, and logic gates. Both run on algorithms.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s about as far as similarities go. Some quantum computers look like massive, futuristic chandeliers rather than laptops. They also process information in a completely different way.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion accordion accordion--theme accordion-standard\" data-reference=\"2f3dcd25-bb66-4e3d-b553-9eee6bdd5081\" data-accordion-type=\"standard\"><div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"bits-vs-qubits\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-92776939-1aeb-4159-a907-848807f3f93b\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-92776939-1aeb-4159-a907-848807f3f93b\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-92776939-1aeb-4159-a907-848807f3f93b\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <strong>Bits vs Qubits<\/strong>            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-92776939-1aeb-4159-a907-848807f3f93b\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-92776939-1aeb-4159-a907-848807f3f93b\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;2f3dcd25-bb66-4e3d-b553-9eee6bdd5081&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>A traditional computer uses bits (binary digits), the smallest unit of digital information. A quantum computer uses qubits (quantum bits). Those two extra letters make a world of difference.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"quantum-superposition\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-7f35c757-2cf3-42be-8a6c-36fd37e035e6\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-7f35c757-2cf3-42be-8a6c-36fd37e035e6\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-7f35c757-2cf3-42be-8a6c-36fd37e035e6\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <strong>Quantum superposition<\/strong>            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-7f35c757-2cf3-42be-8a6c-36fd37e035e6\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-7f35c757-2cf3-42be-8a6c-36fd37e035e6\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;2f3dcd25-bb66-4e3d-b553-9eee6bdd5081&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>A bit is either 0 or 1\u2014like a light switch being off or on. A qubit can be 0, 1, or even both at the same time. It only settles into a definitive value when measured. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>Think of a spinning coin. It&#8217;s neither heads nor tails until it stops. Only then can you determine which side faces up. Qubits act the same way, staying in this in-between state called superposition until measured.&nbsp;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"quantum-entanglement\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-9f6c66d5-8bf0-4be9-8d21-d0cde9604686\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-9f6c66d5-8bf0-4be9-8d21-d0cde9604686\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-9f6c66d5-8bf0-4be9-8d21-d0cde9604686\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <strong>Quantum<\/strong> <strong>entanglement<\/strong>             <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-9f6c66d5-8bf0-4be9-8d21-d0cde9604686\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-9f6c66d5-8bf0-4be9-8d21-d0cde9604686\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;2f3dcd25-bb66-4e3d-b553-9eee6bdd5081&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>Entanglement is such a curious phenomenon that Einstein described it as \u201cspooky action at a distance\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>This means qubits are linked in such a way that measuring one instantly determines the state of the other, regardless of distance.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>Imagine spinning two coins that are somehow connected. If you stopped one showing heads, the other would instantly become tails, even if they were kilometres apart. Entangled qubits behave the same way: if one qubit is measured as 1, the other will instantly become 0.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>These mind-boggling properties of superposition and entanglement help to give quantum computers their speed advantage over traditional computers.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"what-is-quantum-computing-for\"\n    >\nWhat is quantum computing for?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The potential applications for quantum computing are so vast, it would be impossible to list them all.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are five key applications. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Healthcare: accelerating drug discovery<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Drug discovery takes years of expensive trial and error in labs. Quantum computers could change that. By simulating chemical reactions at the molecular level accurately, they could help researchers identify the most promising molecules more quickly. This means new, more effective treatments could reach patients faster.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cybersecurity: protecting sensitive information<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantum computing could break the encryption that keeps our data safe today\u2014from medical and banking information to national security communications. Fortunately, this technology also holds a key to protection.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2024, SnT successfully set up the first Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) connections between Luxembourg and Belgium (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stariongroup.eu\/int-uqkd-quantum-safe-communications-project-celebrates-milestone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">INT-UQKD<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/news\/40-kilometers-that-changed-quantum-history-in-europe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LUQCIA<\/a>). QKD uses quantum mechanics to create virtually unbreakable encryption keys.\u202fThis cross-border demonstration was a stepping stone towards building a quantum-secure European network.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Voting: creating trustworthy elections <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What does technology have to do with democracy? Verifiable electronic voting systems are especially prone to attacks from quantum computers. This calls for quantum-safe systems that can help restore public confidence by creating verifiable and private electronic processes.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is what SnT\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/research-projects\/equivox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EquiVox<\/a> project aims to achieve.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quote-people\">\n    <div class=\"quote-people\" role=\"group\">\n        <figure class=\"quote-people__body\">\n            <blockquote class=\"quote-people__blockquote\">\n    <span class=\"quote-people__quote\">\u201f<\/span>\n    <em>The EquiVox project addresses the security challenges posed by quantum computing, which has the potential to break cryptographic algorithms commonly used voting systems, and even more intriguingly initiated research in quantum voting systems,<\/em>\u201d\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper quote-people__visual\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/19113450\/Peter-Roenne-1.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/19113450\/Peter-Roenne-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/19113450\/Peter-Roenne-1-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/19113450\/Peter-Roenne-1.png 1024w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 1\/1; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper quote-people__figcaption\">\n<p class=\"quote-people__author wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Dr. Peter Roenne<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"quote-people__position wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Head of Applied Security and Information Assurance (APSIA) Research Group<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-simple-cta\">\n    <a\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/people\/peter-roenne\/\"\n        class=\"link-text link-text--icon quote-people__link\"\n        target=\"\"\n    >\n        <span class=\"link-text__body\">\n            <span class=\"link-text__name\">View profile<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-spacer is-spacer-size-lg\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Optimisation: sparking smarter decisions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quantum computers excel at analysing numerous possibilities simultaneously. This makes them ideal for solving complex optimisation challenges across industries.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Power companies could optimise grid configurations. City planners could reduce traffic congestion. Financial firms could identify the best investment strategies. Logistics companies could find optimal delivery routes to reduce fuel consumption. The applications are endless.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence: boosting AI abilities<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, AI is limited by training costs and processing power. Combine its learning capabilities with the speed of quantum computers, and you take AI to a whole new level. This fusion holds so many promises, it already has a name: Quantum AI.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From healthcare and climate modelling to finance, transportation, and more, quantum computing applied to AI could trigger the next technological revolution.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"where-it-stands-three-key-challenges\"\n    >\nWhere it stands: three key challenges<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To turn this exciting potential into reality, engineers face three major hurdles.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion accordion accordion--theme accordion-standard\" data-reference=\"0f050a07-0fb1-4ec5-9b00-2ad0dde0fa12\" data-accordion-type=\"standard\"><div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"errors\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-22f30253-d3e3-4fb4-82e5-729246206bf9\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-22f30253-d3e3-4fb4-82e5-729246206bf9\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-22f30253-d3e3-4fb4-82e5-729246206bf9\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <strong>Errors<\/strong>             <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-22f30253-d3e3-4fb4-82e5-729246206bf9\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-22f30253-d3e3-4fb4-82e5-729246206bf9\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;0f050a07-0fb1-4ec5-9b00-2ad0dde0fa12&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>The tricky thing with qubits is their extreme sensitivity to interference. The tiniest vibration or temperature shift can cause errors, a problem known as \u201cnoise\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>\u201c<em>When cars drive down the road, this generates vibrations that do not affect classical communication, but can put mechanical stress on the quantum communication link below the street,<\/em>\u201d explains Dr. Jorge Luis Gonzalez Rios, technical coordinator of the Quantum Communication Infrastructure (QCI) Lab.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>To tackle this, industrial players and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/research-projects\/qldpc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">universities are working on reliable quantum error correction techniques<\/a>. &nbsp;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"scalability\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-99cb6ebc-696e-489f-9d3f-6d1444c0dc72\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-99cb6ebc-696e-489f-9d3f-6d1444c0dc72\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-99cb6ebc-696e-489f-9d3f-6d1444c0dc72\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <strong>Scalability<\/strong>             <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-99cb6ebc-696e-489f-9d3f-6d1444c0dc72\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-99cb6ebc-696e-489f-9d3f-6d1444c0dc72\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;0f050a07-0fb1-4ec5-9b00-2ad0dde0fa12&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>Quantum computers still don\u2019t have enough processing power for complex, large-scale applications. The most advanced systems have around 1,000 qubits, while experts suggest hundreds of thousands, or even millions of qubits will be required.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>The challenge is more complex than it appears. Because qubits are highly sensitive and require a specific setup, adding qubits to a quantum system is nothing like adding memory to a laptop.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>However, tech companies\u202fare making steady progress, developing larger, more stable quantum processors.&nbsp;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"distance\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-b1cec3ac-3c50-4817-95c1-e709492fe70f\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-b1cec3ac-3c50-4817-95c1-e709492fe70f\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-b1cec3ac-3c50-4817-95c1-e709492fe70f\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <strong>Distance<\/strong>            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-b1cec3ac-3c50-4817-95c1-e709492fe70f\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-b1cec3ac-3c50-4817-95c1-e709492fe70f\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;0f050a07-0fb1-4ec5-9b00-2ad0dde0fa12&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>Quantum information doesn\u2019t travel well over long distances. With every kilometre of fibre optic cable, the risk of losing quantum particles increases. The encrypted data is lost along with them.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>One promising solution? Space, where there\u2019s less interference.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>This is the ultimate target for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en\/news\/a-first-testbed-for-quantum-communication-infrastructure-in-luxembourg\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LUQCIA<\/a> (LUxembourg Quantum Communication Infrastructure lAb), a national testbed led by SnT\u2019s Signal Processing and Communications research group (SIGCOM). While the team has started with research on terrestrial networks, the long-term goal is to integrate satellites to efficiently transmit quantum signals over long distances.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p><em>&#8220;The quantum space revolution is upon us, and its European foundations are firmly rooted in Luxembourg,&#8221;<\/em> explains Prof. Symeon Chatzinotas, head of SIGCOM.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"whats-next-snt-paving-the-way-for-the-next-quantum-leap\"\n    >\nWhat\u2019s next: SnT paving the way for the next quantum leap<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As a tech and communication hub, Luxembourg is positioning itself at the forefront of the quantum revolution, with SnT driving ambitious projects.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Launched in 2022, LUQCIA is a flagship initiative. This five-year project enables advanced collaborative research in QKD and quantum internet. Funded by the Next Generation EU programme, with the collaboration of the Department of Media, Connectivity and Digital Policy, LUQCIA is achieving key milestones\u2014most recently marked by the cross-border QKD connection with Belgium.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Laying additional groundwork, SnT kicked off\u202fLux4QCI (Luxembourg Experimental Network for Quantum Communication Infrastructure) in 2023. The goal is to develop and deploy Luxembourg\u2019s first experimental quantum communication network. This\u202fEU-funded initiative gathers seven partners coordinated by Prof. Chatzinotas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quote-people\">\n    <div class=\"quote-people\" role=\"group\">\n        <figure class=\"quote-people__body\">\n            <blockquote class=\"quote-people__blockquote\">\n    <span class=\"quote-people__quote\">\u201f<\/span>\n    \u201c<em>In the long term, the infrastructure we will have tested in LUQCIA and further implemented with LUX4QCI will make Luxembourg a key quantum infrastructure node in the heart of Europe, with far ranging economic benefits,<\/em>\u201d\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper quote-people__visual\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/13111125\/Symeon-Chatzinotas.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/13111125\/Symeon-Chatzinotas-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/13111125\/Symeon-Chatzinotas-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2026\/01\/13111125\/Symeon-Chatzinotas.png 1024w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 1\/1; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper quote-people__figcaption\">\n<p class=\"quote-people__author wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Prof. Symeon Chatzinotas<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"quote-people__position wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Head of the Signal Processing and Communication (SIGCOM) Research Group<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-simple-cta\">\n    <a\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/people\/symeon-chatzinotas\/\"\n        class=\"link-text link-text--icon quote-people__link\"\n        target=\"\"\n    >\n        <span class=\"link-text__body\">\n            <span class=\"link-text__name\">View profile<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-spacer is-spacer-size-lg\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u201c<em>In the long term, the infrastructure we will have tested in LUQCIA and further implemented with LUX4QCI will make Luxembourg a key quantum infrastructure node in the heart of Europe, with far ranging economic benefits,\u201d <\/em>says Prof. Chatzinotas.\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To support this ambition, SnT set up a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/facilities\/qci-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">QCI lab<\/a>. Here, researchers can implement QKD connections for observations and work on every layer of quantum communication\u2014from the hardware that sends quantum signals to the software that manages them. SnT also hosts the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/facilities\/hybridnet-lab\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">HybridNet Lab<\/a>, where teams explore new ways to manage large-scale networks that combine different technologies, such as 5G, satellite, and quantum key distribution.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research centre tackles security challenges too. Its group <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/snt-en\/research-groups\/apsia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">APSIA<\/a> has been investigating new encryption techniques called post-quantum cryptography. It has collaborated with companies like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en\/news\/snt-partners-with-luxtrust-to-research-post-quantum-cryptography\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LuxTrust<\/a> to help future-proof security systems against quantum threats.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cNew\u202falgorithms must be developed to allow us to continue to enjoy the benefits of the digital society,\u201d <\/em>says Dr. Roenne.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From secure e-voting systems to space-based quantum networks, SnT\u2019s groundbreaking projects are building the foundations for the future of quantum communication. As technologies leap from labs to real-world applications, Luxembourg is helping shape what comes next, one qubit at a time.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"you-might-be-interested\"\n    >\nYou might be interested<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-articles-card-group flex flex-wrap -mx-16\"><li class=\" w-full px-16 sm:w-1\/2  wp-block-unilux-blocks-articles-card\">\n    <div class=\"ulux-card card-articles bg-theme\">\n        <div class=\"ulux-card__container\">\n            <div class=\"ulux-card__visual\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"w-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/06\/16135109\/Pouring-electrons-into-wine-glasses_web-300x225.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/06\/16135109\/Pouring-electrons-into-wine-glasses_web-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/06\/16135109\/Pouring-electrons-into-wine-glasses_web-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/06\/16135109\/Pouring-electrons-into-wine-glasses_web-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/06\/16135109\/Pouring-electrons-into-wine-glasses_web.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" alt=\"\" \/>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ulux-card__body\">\n                <h3 class=\"ulux-card__title break-words\">What is topological quantum computing?<\/h3>\n                <div class=\"ulux-card__category break-words\">Explained<\/div>\n                <time class=\"ulux-card__date break-words\"\n                        datetime=\"2026-06-08\">8 June 2026<\/time>\n                <div class=\"ulux-card__topic break-words\">Quantum<\/div>\n                <a class=\"ulux-card__link link-text link-absolute\"\n                    href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/articles\/what-is-topological-quantum-computing\/\"\n                    target=\"\">\n                    <span class=\"link-text__name\">Learn more<\/span>\n                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right icon--2xs\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>                <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"section section wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover-section \">\n    <div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n        \n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"discover-more\"\n    >\nDiscover more<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover quick-link-list\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover-item\">\n    <a\n                    href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en\/quantum\/\"\n                    class=\"quick-link\"\n            target=\"\"\n    >\n            <span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n                <span class=\"quick-link__text\">\n                    Discover more about quantum                <\/span>\n                <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>            <\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":66,"featured_media":18971,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.22,"y":0.31},"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"articles-category":[464],"articles-topic":[473],"organisation":[184],"authorship":[66],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is Quantum Computing? 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